WHAKARĀPOPOTONGA WHĀNUI
He rite tonu ngā kamupene kai o ēnei rā ki ētahi atu pakihi hangahanga, ehara i te mea ko te pono me te kounga o ngā taputapu tukatuka kai anake te arotahi, engari ko ngā ratonga maha hoki ka taea e te kaiwhakarato taputapu tukatuka te tuku. Haunga ngā raina tukatuka whai hua e tukuna ana e mātou, ka taea e mātou te noho hei hoa mahi mai i te wāhanga whakaaro tuatahi, i te wāhanga kaupapa rānei tae noa ki te wāhanga whakatūnga whakamutunga, me te kore e wareware ki te ratonga whai muri i te mākete.
Neke atu i te 20 tau te wheako o Shiputec i roto i te umanga tukatuka kai me te tākai.
HE WHAKAMĀRAMA KI TŌ MĀTOU HANGARAU
TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU ME TE WHAKAPŪMAU
Ko te wāhanga Shiputec he hoahoa, he hanga me te hokohoko i ngā otinga hangarau tukatuka me te aunoatanga ki ngā ahumahi miraka, kai, inu, moana, rongoā me te tiaki whaiaro mā roto i ana mahi ā-ao.
E whakapau kaha ana mātou ki te āwhina i ō mātou kiritaki puta noa i te ao ki te whakapai ake i te mahi me te hua o ā rātou whare hanga me ngā tukanga. Ka tutuki i a mātou tēnei mā te tuku i te whānuitanga o ngā hua me ngā otinga mai i ngā wāhanga hangarau ki te hoahoa o ngā whare tukanga katoa e tautokona ana e ngā tono me ngā tohungatanga whanaketanga matua o te ao.
Kei te āwhina tonu mātou i ō mātou kiritaki ki te arotau i te mahi me te hua o tā rātou wheketere puta noa i te roanga o tōna ratonga mā te whakamahi i ngā ratonga tautoko e hāngai ana ki ō rātou ake hiahia mā roto i tētahi whatunga ratonga kiritaki me ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana.
AROTAKENGA A TE KAIHOKO
Ka whakawhanakehia, ka hangaia, ka tāutahia hoki e Shiputec ngā raina tukatuka hou, tino whai hua, me te pono mō te umanga kai. Mō te whakaputanga o ngā hua ngako tioata pērā i te pata, te pata, ngā paninga me ngā whakapoto, ka tukuna e Shiputec ngā otinga e whakauru ana i ngā raina tukatuka mō ngā hua kai kua whakaemulhia pērā i te mayonnaise, ngā ranu me ngā ranu.
TE HANGA MĀKARINI
Kei roto i te pata me ngā hua e pā ana he āhua wai me he āhua ngako, nō reira ka taea te whakaahua he wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu (W/O) e marara pai ana te āhua wai hei pata i roto i te āhua ngako tonu. I runga i te whakamahinga o te hua, ka whiriwhiria te hanganga o te āhua ngako me te tukanga hanga i runga i tēnā.
Haunga ngā taputapu whakatio, ko te whare hanga hou mō te pata me ngā hua e pā ana ka uru atu ki ngā momo tāke mō te penapena hinu me te whakarite i te emulsifier, te wai me te emulsion; ka tatauhia te rahi me te maha o ngā tāke i runga i te kaha o te whare me te putea hua. Kei roto hoki i te whare he wāhanga whakamātao me te whare whakarewa anō. Nō reira, ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga hanga ki ngā tukanga iti e whai ake nei (tirohia te hoahoa 1):
TE WHAKARITE I TE WĀHANGA WAI ME TE WĀHANGA NGAKO (ROHE 1)
He maha ngā wā ka whakaritea te wai i roto i te tāke wai. Me pai te kounga o te wai hei inu. Mena kāore e taea te kī taurangi he wai kounga pai mō te inu, ka taea te tukatuka i te wai mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha UV, i te pūnaha tātari rānei.
Haunga te wai, ka taea te whakauru i te tote, te wai tote rānei, ngā pūmua miraka (te pata me ngā paninga iti te ngako), te huka (te paraoa pokepoke), ngā mea whakau (ngā paninga iti te ngako me te ngako iti), ngā mea tiaki me ngā kakara wairewa-wai.
Ko ngā kai matua o te wāhanga ngako, arā, te ranunga ngako, he ranunga o ngā ngako me ngā hinu rerekē. Hei whakatutuki i te pata me ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi e hiahiatia ana, ko te ōwehenga o ngā ngako me ngā hinu i roto i te ranunga ngako he mea nui mō te mahi a te hua whakamutunga.
Ko ngā momo ngako me ngā hinu, he ranunga ngako, he hinu takitahi rānei, ka rongoatia ki roto i ngā tāke rokiroki hinu e tū ana i waho o te whare whakaputa. Ka rongoatia ēnei ki te pāmahana rokiroki pumau i runga ake i te pāmahana rewa o te ngako, ā, ka whakaohokia kia kore ai e pakaru te ngako, kia māmā ai hoki te whakahaere.
Haunga te ranunga ngako, ko te wāhanga ngako he mea hanga mai i ngā kai iti e wairewa ana i te ngako pērā i te emulsifier, te lecithin, te kakara, te tae me ngā antioxidants. Ka rewahia ēnei kai iti ki roto i te ranunga ngako i mua i te tāpiri i te wāhanga wai, arā, i mua i te tukanga emulsification.
TE WHAKARITE I TE EMULSION (ROHE 2)
Kauwhata 1:
1. Te whakarite i te wāhanga wai me te wāhanga ngako (rohe 1),
2. Te whakarite i te emulsion (rohe 2),
3. Te whakamātao (rohe 3),
4. Rohe whakamatao, whakatioata me te pokepoke (rohe 4),
5. Te tākai me te whakarewa anō (rohe 5)
Ka whakaritea te whakamomona mā te whakawhiti i ngā momo hinu me ngā ranunga ngako, ngako rānei ki te tāke whakamomona. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tāpirihia ngā ngako rewa teitei, ngā ranunga ngako rānei i te tuatahi, ā, muri iho ko ngā ngako rewa iti me te hinu wai. Hei whakaoti i te whakaritenga o te wāhanga ngako, ka tāpirihia te whakamomona me ētahi atu kai iti wairewa-hinu ki te ranunga ngako. Ina oti te whakaranu tika i ngā kai katoa mō te wāhanga ngako, ka tāpirihia te wāhanga wai, ā, ka hangaia te whakamomona i raro i te whakaranu kaha engari he whakahaere.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha rerekē hei ine i ngā kai rerekē mō te whakaehu, ā, e rua o ēnei e mahi ana i ia puranga:
- Pūnaha mita rere
- Pūnaha tāke taumaha
Kāore i te tino pai te pūnaha whakapūkara ā-roto tonu, engari he otinga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā raina kaha nui, ina he iti noa te wāhi mō ngā tāke whakapūkara. Kei te whakamahi tēnei pūnaha i ngā papu ine me ngā mita rere papatipu hei whakahaere i te ōwehenga o ngā āhuahanga kua tāpirihia ki roto i tētahi tāke whakapūkara iti.
Ka taea te whakahaere aunoa i ngā pūnaha kua whakahuatia ake nei. Heoi, kei ētahi tipu tawhito tonu ngā pūnaha whakarite emulsion e whakahaeretia ā-ringa ana, engari he nui te mahi e hiahiatia ana, ā, kāore i te tūtohutia kia tāutahia i ēnei rā nā ngā ture tino kaha ki te whai.
Ko te pūnaha mita rere e hangai ana ki te whakarite emulsion puranga-maha, e inehia ai ngā momo āhua me ngā kai mā ngā mita rere papatipu ina whakawhitia mai i ngā tāke whakarite āhua ki roto i te tāke emulsion. Ko te tika o tēnei pūnaha he +/-0.3%. Ko te āhuatanga o tēnei pūnaha he kore e pāngia e ngā awe o waho pērā i te wiri me te paru.
He rite te pūnaha tāke pauna ki te pūnaha mita rere e hangai ana ki te whakarite i te whakapūkara i ia puranga. I konei ka tāpirihia tika ngā rahinga o ngā kai me ngā wāhanga ki te tāke whakapūkara e mau ana ki ngā pūtau kawenga hei whakahaere i ngā rahinga e tāpirihia ana ki te tāke.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia he pūnaha tāke-rua hei whakarite i te emulsion kia taea ai te whakahaere tonu i te raina whakatioata. Ka mahi ia tāke hei tāke whakarite me te tāke ārai (tāke emulsion), nō reira ka whāngaihia te raina whakatioata mai i tētahi tāke, ā, ka whakaritea he puranga hou ki tētahi atu, ā, ko te ritenga kē. Ka kiia tēnei ko te pūnaha flip-flop.
He kōwhiringa anō hoki te otinga e whakaritea ai te whakapūhui i roto i te tāke kotahi, ā, ina rite, ka whakawhitia ki te tāke ārai, mai i reira ka whāngaihia te raina tioata. Ka kiia tēnei pūnaha ko te pūnaha premix/buffer.
TE WHAKAPĀTŪ (ROHE 3)
Mai i te tāke ārai, ka papua tonutia te emulsion mā roto i tētahi whakawhiti wera pereti (PHE) i tētahi whakawhiti wera mata waruhia pēhanga iti rānei (SSHE), i tētahi SSHE pēhanga teitei rānei hei whakamātao i mua i te urunga ki te rārangi whakatioata.
Mō ngā hua ngako-katoa, ka whakamahia te PHE. Mō ngā momo ngako-iti e tika ana kia kitea he matotoru teitei o te whakamomona, ā, mō ngā whakamomona e taea te wera (hei tauira, ngā whakamomona he nui te pūmua), ka tūtohutia kia whakamahia te pūnaha SPX hei otinga pēhanga-iti, te SPX-PLUS rānei hei otinga pēhanga-teitei.
He maha ngā painga o te tukanga whakamātao. Ka ārai i te tipu o ngā huakita me te tipu o ētahi atu moroiti, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pumau o te moroiti o te whakamomona. Ko te whakamātao i te wāhanga wai anake te mea ka taea, engari he pai ake te whakamātao i te whakamomona katoa nā te mea ka whakaitihia te wā noho mai i te hua kua whakamātaohia ki te whakakī, ki te tākai rānei i te hua whakamutunga mā te tukanga whakamātao o te whakamomona. Waihoki, ka tukatukahia te hua i roto i te tukanga ā-roto mai i te whakamātao ki te whakakī, ki te tākai rānei i te hua whakamutunga, ā, ka whakamātaohia tetahi rauemi mahi anō ina whakamātaohia te whakamomona katoa.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakamātao i te emulsion katoa ka whāngaihia te emulsion ki te raina whakatioata i te pāmahana pumau, ka tutuki ai ngā tawhā tukatuka pumau, ngā pāmahana hua me te kakano hua. Hei tāpiritanga, ka āraihia te putanga mai o te emulsion kua whakatioatatia i whāngaihia ki te taputapu whakatioata ina whakamātaotia tika te emulsion, ā, ka whāngaihia ki te papu pēhanga teitei i te pāmahana 5-10°C teitei ake i te pūwāhi rewa o te wāhanga ngako.
I muri i te whakarite i te whakamomona i te 45-55°C, ka whakamahia he tukanga whakamahana me te pupuri i te whakamomona i te 75-85°C mō te 16 hēkona, ā, muri iho ka whakamatao ki te pāmahana 45-55°C. Ko te pāmahana mutunga ka whakawhirinaki ki te pūwāhi rewa o te wāhanga ngako: ko te teitei ake o te pūwāhi rewa, ko te teitei ake o te pāmahana.
TE WHAKAMATAO, TE WHAKAKŌTIOTANGA ME TE POROPORO (ROHE 4)
Ka papua te emulsion ki te raina whakatioata mā te whakamahi i tētahi papu piston pēhanga teitei (HPP). Ko te raina whakatioata mō te hanga pata me ngā hua e pā ana he SSHE pēhanga teitei e whakamataohia ana e te haukini, e te Freon rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakaurua ngā mīhini hurihuri pine me/ngā kaiwhakatioata takawaenga rānei ki te raina hei tāpiri i te kaha pokepoke me te wā mō te hanga hua kirihou. Ko te ngongo okioki te taahiraa whakamutunga o te raina whakatioata, ā, ka whakaurua anake mēnā kua tākaihia te hua.
Ko te ngako o te raina whakatioata ko te SSHE pēhanga teitei, ka whakamataohia te emulsion mahana, ka whakatioatahia ki te mata o roto o te ngongo whakamatao. Ka waruhia pai te emulsion e ngā waru hurihuri, nō reira ka whakamataohia te emulsion, ka pokepokea i te wā kotahi. Ina whakatioata te ngako i roto i te emulsion, ka hangaia e ngā tioata ngako he whatunga toru-ahu e mau ana i ngā pata wai me te hinu wai, ka hua ake he hua he āhua kirihou-haurua-totoka.
I runga i te momo hua e hangaia ana me te momo ngako e whakamahia ana mō te hua motuhake, ka taea te whakarite i te whirihoranga o te raina whakatioata (arā, te raupapa o ngā ngongo whakamatao me ngā mīhini hurihuri pine) kia pai ai te whirihoranga mō te hua motuhake.
I te mea he maha ngā wā ka hangaia e te raina whakatioata he nui atu i te kotahi te hua ngako motuhake, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia e te SSHE he wāhanga whakamatao, he ngongo whakamatao rānei e rua, neke atu rānei, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga mō tētahi raina whakatioata ngāwari. Ina hangaia he hua ngako whakatioata rerekē o ngā ranunga ngako rerekē, me ngāwari te mahi, nā te mea ka rerekē pea ngā āhuatanga whakatioata o ngā ranunga i ia ranunga ki ia ranunga.
He nui te awe o te tukanga whakatioata, ngā āhuatanga tukatuka me ngā tawhā tukatuka ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā hua pata me ngā hua paninga whakamutunga. I te wā e hoahoa ana i tētahi raina whakatioata, he mea nui kia tautuhia ngā āhuatanga o ngā hua e whakamaheretia ana kia hangaia i runga i te raina. Hei whakarite i te haumitanga mō te heke mai, me whai ngāwari te raina me ngā tawhā tukatuka ka taea te whakahaere takitahi, nā te mea ka rerekē pea te whānuitanga o ngā hua e hiahiatia ana i roto i te wā me ngā rauemi mata.
Ko te kaha o te raina ka whakatauhia e te mata whakamatao e wātea ana o te SSHE. He rerekē ngā rahi o ngā mīhini e wātea ana, mai i ngā raina iti ki ngā raina kaha nui. He rerekē hoki ngā taumata ngāwari e wātea ana mai i ngā taputapu ngongo kotahi ki ngā raina ngongo maha, nō reira he tino ngāwari ngā raina tukatuka.
I muri i te whakamataotanga o te hua i roto i te SSHE, ka uru ki te mīhini hurihuri titi me/ranei ki ngā mīhini whakakōkī waenga ka pokepokea ai mō tētahi wā me te kaha motuhake hei āwhina i te whakatairanga i te whatunga toru-ahu, arā, ko te hanganga kirihou i te taumata makaro. Mena ka tohatohahia te hua hei hua takai, ka uru anō ki te SSHE i mua i te taunga ki roto i te ngongo okiokinga i mua i te takai. Mena ka whakakīia te hua ki roto i ngā kapu, kāore he ngongo okiokinga e whakaurua ki te raina whakakōkī.
TE WHAKAKĪ, TE WHAKAKĪ ME TE WHAKAREWA ANŌ (ROHE 5)
He maha ngā mīhini tākai me te whakakī e wātea ana i te mākete, ā, kāore e whakamāramahia i roto i tēnei tuhinga. Heoi, he rerekē rawa te āhua o te hua mēnā ka hangaia kia tākaihia, kia whakakīia rānei. He mārama me whakaatu he kakano mārō ake te hua tākaihia i te hua kua whakakīia, ā, ki te kore e tino pai tēnei kakano, ka tukuna te hua ki te pūnaha whakarewa anō, ka whakarewahia, ka tāpirihia ki te tāke ārai hei tukatuka anō. He rerekē ngā pūnaha whakarewa anō e wātea ana, engari ko ngā pūnaha e whakamahia nuitia ana ko te PHE, te SSHE pēhanga iti rānei.
AUNOMATION
I roto i ngā wheketere maha o ēnei rā, ka hangaia te mākārini i raro i ngā tikanga tino kaha ki te whai i ngā kai. Ko ēnei tikanga e kapi ana i ngā kai, te hanga me te hua whakamutunga, ehara i te mea ko te hua anake he whakapai ake i te haumaru kai engari he pumau hoki te kounga kai. Ka taea te whakatinana i ngā whakaritenga whai i roto i te pūnaha whakahaere o te wheketere, ā, kua hangaia te pūnaha whakahaere a Shiputec hei whakahaere, hei tuhi me te tuhi i ngā tikanga me ngā tawhā nui e pā ana ki te tukanga hanga katoa.
Kei roto i te pūnaha whakahaere he parenga kupuhipa, ā, kei roto hoki ko te takiuru raraunga hītori o ngā tawhā katoa e pā ana ki te raina tukatuka pata mai i ngā mōhiohio tunu kai ki te aromatawai hua whakamutunga. Kei roto i te takiuru raraunga te kaha me te putanga o te papu pēhanga teitei (rita/haora me te pēhanga whakamuri), ngā pāmahana hua (tae atu ki te tukanga whakamātao) i te wā whakatioata, ngā pāmahana whakamatao (ngā pēhanga pāpāho whakamatao rānei) o te SSHE, te tere o te SSHE me ngā mīhini hurihuri pine me te kawenga o ngā motuka e whakahaere ana i te papu pēhanga teitei, te SSHE me ngā mīhini hurihuri pine.
Pūnaha whakahaere
I te wā e tukatuka ana, ka tukuna ngā whakaoho ki te kaiwhakahaere mēnā kei tua atu i ngā rohe ngā tawhā tukatuka mō te hua motuhake; ka whakatakotoria ēnei ki te ētita tunu kai i mua i te whakaputanga. Me mōhio ā-ringa ēnei whakaoho, ā, me mahi ngā mahi e ai ki ngā tikanga. Ka rongoatia ngā whakaoho katoa ki roto i tētahi pūnaha whakaoho hītori hei tirohanga ā muri ake nei. Ina wehe atu te hua i te raina whakaputa i roto i tētahi āhua kua tākaihia, kua whakakīia rānei, ka wehe atu i te ingoa hua e tohua ana ki te rā, te wā me te tau tohu puranga hei aroturuki ā muri ake nei. Nō reira, ka tukuna te hītori katoa o ngā mahi whakaputa katoa e uru ana ki te tukanga whakaputa hei haumarutanga mō te kaihanga me te kaiwhakamahi whakamutunga, te kaihoko.
CIP
Ko ngā whare horoi CIP (CIP = te horoi i te wāhi) he wāhanga anō hoki o tētahi whare hanga pata hou, nā te mea me horoi auau ngā whare hanga pata. Mō ngā hua pata tuku iho, kotahi te wā horoi i te wiki. Heoi, mō ngā hua tairongo pērā i te iti o te ngako (he nui te wai) me/ranei ngā hua he nui te pūmua, me poto ake ngā wā i waenga i te CIP.
Ko te tikanga, e rua ngā pūnaha CIP e whakamahia ana: ko ngā tipu CIP e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi horoi kotahi anake, ko ngā tipu CIP rānei e taunakitia ana e mahi ana mā te otinga ārai o ngā rauemi horoi, ka whakahokia ngā rauemi pēnei i te rai, te waikawa me/ranei ngā patu huakita ki ngā tāke rokiroki CIP takitahi i muri i te whakamahinga. Ko te tukanga whakamutunga te mea e pai ake ana nā te mea he otinga pai ki te taiao, ā, he otinga ōhanga hoki mō te whakamahinga o ngā kai horoi, ā, koinei te utu mō ēnei.
Mena he maha ngā raina whakaputa e tāutahia ana ki te wheketere kotahi, ka taea te whakatū i ngā ara horoi whakarara, i ngā pūnaha amiorangi CIP rānei. Ka hua ake tēnei i te whakaiti nui i te wā horoi me te whakapaunga pūngao. Ka whakahaeretia aunoatia ngā tawhā o te tukanga CIP, ā, ka tuhia hoki hei aroturuki i muri mai i roto i te pūnaha whakahaere.
NGĀ KŌRERO WHAKAMUTUNGA
I te wā e whakaputa ana i te pata me ngā hua e pā ana, he mea nui kia maumahara ehara i te mea ko ngā kai anake pērā i ngā hinu me ngā ngako e whakamahia ana, te tunu rānei o te hua e whakatau ana i te kounga o te hua whakamutunga, engari ko te āhua o te whare hanga, ngā tawhā tukatuka me te āhua o te whare hanga. Mena kāore te raina, te taputapu rānei e tiakina pai ana, tera pea ka kore e mahi pai te raina. Nō reira, hei whakaputa hua kounga teitei, he mea nui te whare hanga pai engari ko te whiriwhiri i te ranunga ngako me ngā āhuatanga e rite ana ki te whakamahinga whakamutunga o te hua he mea nui anō hoki, me te whirihoranga tika me te whiriwhiri i ngā tawhā tukatuka o te whare hanga. Hei whakamutunga, engari ehara i te mea iti rawa, me whakamahana te hua whakamutunga kia rite ki te whakamahinga whakamutunga.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-21-2026